Pakistan at the brink of bankruptcy: Asian Development Outlook 2017

In an update of its flagship annual publication, Asian Development Outlook 2017, The Asian Development Bank (ADB) has said that Pakistan’s twin deficits – that are historically root causes of bringing an economy down – would further worsen in the current fiscal year, projecting that the current account deficit may widen to as much as $14.5 billion.

The projected deficit is $5.5 billion more than the finance ministry’s estimates for 2017-18. It is also $2.5 billion more than the record deficit of $12.1 billion booked in the last fiscal year 2016-17.

ADB also termed the Rs1.4 trillion budget deficit target “ambitious”, suggesting that it will be difficult to achieve in an uncertain political environment. Pakistan will also miss its 6% economic growth target that according to the ADB will remain at 5.5%.

ADB said that due to worsening current account deficit Pakistan’s choice is now limited to either “rapidly depreciate the currency” or increase foreign borrowings to finance the external gap.

However, Finance Minister Ishaq Dar’s preferred choice has so far remained ‘reckless’ borrowings that resulted in $83-billion external debt and liabilities by June this year.

The Pakistan rupee remained largely stable in FY2017 and was valued at Rs105.4 to a dollar in July. In recent years, the currency has been on a rising trend in real effective exchange terms, eroding Pakistani competitiveness with appreciation by 3.6% in FY2017 on a widening inflation differential, said the lender.

The ADB said that the current account deficit would touch 4.2% of GDP due to rising imports, declining remittances, and stagnant exports. It said that a key challenge will be to finance Pakistan’s burgeoning trade deficit as remittance inflows continue to fall.

Due to its twin deficits – the current account and budget – Pakistan has obtained over one and half dozen bailout packages from the International Monetary Fund to correct macroeconomic imbalances.

While highlighting the worst performance of the export sector, the ADB said that the share of exports in GDP nearly halved from 13% in 2006 to a dismal 7.1% by the end of fiscal year 2016-17. Exports fell annually by 2.5% on average from FY2013 to FY2017 for lack of competitiveness or conditions for modernising investment, leaving persistently low value addition to fetch low unit prices, said the lender.

In comparison, imports are expected to continue to increase as growth spurs domestic demand that domestic production cannot meet, said the ADB. The continued large trade and current account deficits were covered by drawing on foreign exchange reserves, which fell by $1.5 billion to $14.6 billion at the end of August. The reserves have further fallen down to $14.2 billion.

Budget deficit

As against 5.8% of GDP or Rs1.86 trillion budget deficit at the end of fiscal year 2016-17, the government has set the budget deficit target at 4.1% of GDP or Rs1.4 trillion. “Achieving such a large reduction in the general government budget deficit and this ambitious financing target appears to be very difficult,” according to the ADB.

GDP growth

The marked expansion in infrastructure and energy investments will drive growth in Pakistan to 5.5%, according to the ADB. But it is half a percentage point lower than the official target. The main impetus for industry and services growth will be expanded CPEC infrastructure investments, other energy investments, and government development expenditure. Agriculture should expand by trend rates.